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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have big heads with highly altered strong jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead which exude defensive secretions, are a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are easily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may use their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important part in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and enormous swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.

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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.

The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of her explanation moults as they develop.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut workers also get involved in the social life of their colony and also have certain different activities to achieve such as he said foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they dothey excavate a chamber big enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the pair never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.

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By way of example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen have a peek at this site only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees provide assistance.

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